2. Configuration & Units
3. Wing Planform Geometry
4. Stability & Static Margin Tuning
Static Margin: The distance between aircraft Neutral Point (NP) and Center of Gravity (CG), expressed as a percentage of MAC. Higher values increase pitch stability; lower values increase agility.
Scaled Vector Blueprint
Understanding Mean Aerodynamic Chord & Center of Gravity
What is Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)?
In aerodynamics, a swept or tapered wing produces lift differently along its span compared to a uniform rectangular wing. The Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) is the chord length of an equivalent rectangular wing that has the exact same aerodynamic force, pitching moment, and center-of-pressure characteristics as your actual planform.
Finding the MAC is essential because all stability and control calculations — including Center of Gravity (CG) placement and static margin — are referenced to the MAC rather than the physical root chord.
Aerodynamic Formulas & Equations
AeroBalance computes MAC, spanwise position ($Y_{MAC}$), and setback distance ($X_{MAC}$) using exact planform integration formulas:
Taper Ratio ($\lambda$):
\lambda = \frac{C_t}{C_r}
Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC):
MAC = \frac{2}{3} \cdot C_r \cdot \left( \frac{1 + \lambda + \lambda^2}{1 + \lambda} \right)
MAC Y-Span Location ($Y_{MAC}$):
Y_{MAC} = \frac{b}{6} \cdot \left( \frac{1 + 2\lambda}{1 + \lambda} \right)
MAC Leading Edge Setback ($X_{MAC}$):
X_{MAC} = X_{sweep} \cdot \left( \frac{1 + 2\lambda}{3(1 + \lambda)} \right)
Recommended CG Location ($CG_X$ from Root LE):
CG_X = X_{MAC} + MAC \cdot \left( 0.25 - \frac{\text{Static Margin \%}}{100} \right)
What is Static Margin & Why Does It Matter?
The Static Margin measures pitch stability. It is defined as the distance between the aircraft's Neutral Point ($NP$) and the Center of Gravity ($CG$), expressed as a percentage of the MAC:
- Optimal (8% – 12%): Standard recommendation for maiden flights, trainers, and scale models. Provides positive pitch stability — if a gust pitches the nose up, the plane naturally returns to level flight.
- Acrobatic / Pitch Sensitive (3% – 7%): Used by 3D aerobatic RC pilots. Requires less elevator input for rapid maneuvers, but demands constant pilot attention.
- Neutral / Tail-Heavy (0% or Negative): 🚨 DANGER ZONE. A negative static margin means the CG is behind the Neutral Point. The aircraft becomes divergent — any slight pitch pitch-up will rapidly amplify, causing an unrecoverable stall and flip.
Practical Field Guide: Maiden Flight CG Balancing
- Mark the Calculated CG: Use masking tape on the underside of both wing halves at the calculated $CG_X$ distance from the root leading edge.
- Use Fingertip or Balancer Rig: Place your fingertips (or a dedicated balance stand) directly under the CG tape marks.
- Check Pitch Angle: The fuselage should rest level or slightly nose-down (1°–2°). A slightly nose-heavy model flies safely; a tail-heavy model crashes.
- Shift Equipment: Move the LiPo battery or receiver pack forward/aft before adding dead lead weight.